Parallel longitudinal arrays can be created with parallel percutaneous electrodes or a single plate/paddle electrode with contacts prefabricated in two or more columns. A single percutaneous electrode, thus, can create a longitudinal array. If the impedance or resistance changes, the current will change accordingly.ĬONTACT – the electrically conductive portion of the electrode assembly, resembling and sometimes referred to as a “button.” An individual contact can be programmed as an anode, a cathode, or neither (i.e., off).ĬONTACT COMBINATION – assignments (anode or cathode or off) of individual contacts. Modern implanted electrodes have multiple contacts.ĬONTACT ARRAY – an assembly of multiple stimulating contacts. If the impedance or resistance changes, the device will adjust the voltage to keep current at the requisite level.ĬONSTANT VOLTAGE STIMULATION (see also CONSTANT CURRENT) – stimulation in which the voltage stays constant. Other inputs, such as accelerometers, can also be used to “close the loop.”ĬOMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME (CRPS) – formerly known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy, is characterized by extremity pain, sensitivity, and sometimes changes in color or appearance, with these symptoms out of proportion to any underlying injury or other apparent cause.ĬOMPOUND ACTION POTENTIAL – compared with individual elements, multiple neurons or axons firing simultaneously will, in aggregate, produce a larger signal that can be recorded at a greater distance from a larger electrode (e.g., a typical stimulator contact).ĬONSTANT CURRENT STIMULATION (see also CONSTANT VOLTAGE) – stimulation in which the rate at which charge is delivered stays constant. Thus, the dose of stimulation can automatically be kept at optimum therapeutic levels despite 1) the movement of the spinal cord in relation to the electrodes or 2) other physiologic changes in the patient’s body and the stimulation system, such as increased electrode impedance with scarring. (A generator that allows rapid sequential delivery of pulses to different contacts is not, strictly speaking, a multichannel device instead it is a “gated single channel” generator.)ĬLOSED LOOP STIMULATION – a type of stimulation that adjusts automatically (typically in amplitude) in response to one or more inputs, such as the amplitude of evoked compound action potentials (usually recorded from the spinal cord via electrode contacts that are not in use for stimulation). Compared with an anode, a cathode initiates action potential generation (depolarization) at a lower amplitude threshold thus, cathodal effects predominate.ĬHANNEL – multiple independent channels allow simultaneous delivery of pulses of different amplitudes to different contacts. Practice Parameters for the Use of Spinal Cord Stimulation in the Treatment of Chronic Neuropathic Pain Glossary & AcronymsĪCTION POTENTIAL – a rapid rise and fall in voltage and chemical gradients across a neuronal membrane, which can propagate over distance (most rapidly along a myelinated axon) and can be triggered or inhibited by electrical stimulation.ANODE - a stimulating contact programmed as a positive pole, which attracts negative ions.ĪNODE – a stimulating contact programmed as a positive pole, which attracts negative ions.ĬATHODE – a stimulating contact programmed as a negative pole, which attracts positive ions.
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